10/21/2019 Organic Chemistry Basic Concepts Pdf
Class 11, Chemistry, Cbse Board, Ncert Notes, Physical Chemistry Notes, Organic Chemistry Notes, Analytic Chemistry Notes, Download Notes, Free Ncert Notes, Cbse Board Notes, Class 11 Notes Download Pdf
Introduction to basic concepts in organic chemistry. WHAT IS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY? Let us start with the question 'What is Organic chemistry?' The simple answer is: It is the chemistry of carbon containing compounds, which are otherwise known as organic compounds. So it is pretty easy to recognize that we should start our journey of organic chemistry by exploring the chemical nature of carbon. When you’re studying organic chemistry, keep these helpful reminders close by because they highlight some of the most important concepts you’ll need to understand organic chemistry: Electronegativity increases as you go up and to the right in the periodic table. In reaction mechanisms, arrows show the movement of electrons; the tip of the arrow points.
CHEMISTRY NOTES FOR CLASS 11 CHEMISTRYDOWNLOAD IN PDF
Please send your queries to [email protected] you can aslo visit our facebook page to get quick help. Link of our facebook page is given in sidebar
Class and Subject ListNcert Solution for class 6 to 12 download in pdfCBSE Model test papars Download in pdfNCERT Books Free Pdf Download for Class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , 11, 12 Hindi and English Medium
CBSE Syllabus Class 6 to 9, 10, 11, 12 Maths, Science, Hindi, English ..Last year CBSE Question paper for Class 6 to 9, 10, 11, 12 Maths, Science, Hindi, English ..Important LinksNCERT CBSE NewsNCERT CBSE NewsPlease Share this webpage on facebook, whatsapp, linkdin and twitter.Copyright @ ncerthelp.com A free educational website for CBSE, ICSE and UP board.
Organic Chemistry : Some Basic Principles And Techniques Notes
Chapter 12 Organic chemistry : Some Basic Principles and Techniques
Organic chemistry : Some Basic Principles and Techniques Notes
Organic compounds are the hydrocarbons and their derivatives and organic chemistry is that branch of chemistry that deals with the study of these compounds
Tetravalency of carbon
The atomic number of Carbon is 6 and its electronic configuration is 2,4 i.e. it has 4 valence electrons. Thus carbon is always tetracovalent, i.e. it forms 4 covalent bonds with other atoms
Due to tetravalency of carbon it has a tetrahedron shape.
Catenation- The self linking property of carbon is known as catenation. This is the main reason of existence of such large number of compounds
Classification of organic compounds
Functional groups:A functional group may be defined as an atom or a group of atoms present in a molecule which largely determines the chemical properties.
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
Homologous series is defined as a family or group of structurally similar organic compounds all members of which contain the same functional group, show a gradation in physical and similarity in chemical properties and any two adjacent members of which differ by -CH2 group. The individual members of this group are called homologues and the phenomenon is called homology.
NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic chemistry deals with millions of compounds. In order to clearly identify them, a systematic method of naming known as IUPAC system of nomenclature is adopted. The names are such that the listener can deduce the structure from it. The IUPAC name consists of three parts:
refix Word root Suffix
EX: 3 meth lyoctane
How to enable Java plugin in Chrome browser in 2019 How to use Java in Google Chrome on Windows Linux MacOS using extensions. How to enable Java plugin in Chrome browser in 2019 How to use Java in Google Chrome on Windows Linux MacOS using extensions. Skip to content. So you cannot just download Java for Chrome and make it running. Google chrome java plugin download. Java software for your computer, or the Java Runtime Environment, is also referred to as the Java Runtime, Runtime Environment, Runtime, JRE, Java Virtual Machine, Virtual Machine, Java VM, JVM, VM, Java plug-in, Java plugin, Java add-on or Java download. The Java Plugin for web browsers relies on the cross-platform plugin architecture NPAPI, which had been supported by all major web browsers for over a decade. Google's Chrome version 45 and above have dropped support for NPAPI, and therefore Java Plugin do not work on these browsers anymore.
NOMENCLATURE OF ALKANES
Chemistry Basic
Straight chain alkanes: The names of such compounds is based on their chain structure , and end with suffix ‘-ane’ and carry a prefix indicating the number of carbon atoms present in the chain.
Branched chain hydrocarbons:
1.) The longest carbon chain in the molecule is identified.
2.) The numbering is done in such a way that the branched carbon atoms get the lowest possible value. 3.) The names of the alkyl groups attached as a branch are then prefixed to the name of the parent alkane and its position is indicated by numbers. 4.) The lower number is given to the first in alphabetical order. 5.) The carbon atom of the branch that attaches to the root alkane is numbered 1. Organic compounds having Functional Groups:
The longest chain of carbon atoms containing the functional groups is numbered in such a way that the functional group attached to the carbon atom gets the lowest possible number in the chain.
When there are more functional groups then a priority order is followed as:
-COOH, -SO3H, -COOR, COCl, -CONH2, -CN, -HC=O, =C=O, -OH, -NH2, =C=C=, -CΞ C-.
ISOMERISM
Two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different physical and chemical properties are called isomers and this phenomenon is called isomerism.
Chain isomerism: When two or more compounds having same molecular formula but different carbon skeletons are referred to as chain isomers.
Organic Chem Pdf
Position Isomerism : Compounds which have the same structure of carbon chain but differ in position of double or triple bonds or functional group are called position isomers and this phenomenon is called Position Isomerism. e g
CH3-CH2-CH=CH2 CH3-CH = CH – CH3
Functional Isomerism :Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different functional group are called functional isomers and this phenomenon is called functional Isomerism. e g
CH3 – CH2 – OH
CH3 – O – CH3
Metamerism:It is due to the presence of different alkyl groups on either side of functional group in the molecule. Ex. C4H10O represents C2H5OC2H5 and CH3OC3H7.
All people will not understand movies in Hindi or Hindi language, so you will also be able to see the list of apne tv movies on this site. List of Apne Tv Shows is also available: (Latest Hindi Serials)In it, you find Tamil, Telegu, English, Hindi as well as Apne tv movies. Apne tv sony tv serials. Which makes the user happy, because they get to see movies in their regional language.
FISSION OF COVALENT BOND
Heterolytic cleavage: In this cleavage the bond breaks in such a way that the shared pair of electron remains with one of the fragments.
H3C – Br +CH3 + Br-
Homolytic Cleavage: In this cleavage the shared pair of electron goes with each of the bonded atom.
R – X R. + X.
Alkyl free radical
Nucleophiles : A reagent that brings an electron pair is called nucleophile ie nucleus seeking e g -OH , -CN
Electrophiles: A reagent that takes away electron pair is called electrophile I e electron seeking e g C= O , R3C – X
Inductive Effect: The displacement of the electron along the chain of the carbon atoms due to presence of an atom or group at the end of the chain.
d+++ d ++ d+
CH3 C H2 CH2 Cl
Resonance Effect : The polarity produced in the molecule by the interaction of two pi bonds or between a pi bond and lone pair of electron present on an adjacent atom. There are two types of resonance effect:
1) Positive resonance effect : In this effect the transfer of electrons is away from an atom or substituent group attached to the conjugated system.
The atoms or groups which shows +R effect are halogens,-OH , OR,- NH2
2) Negative resonance effect : In this effect the transfer of electrons is towards the atom or substituent group attached to the conjugated system.
Download Free Fonts. Collection of most popular free to download fonts for Windows and Mac. This free fonts collection also offers useful content and a huge collection of TrueType face and OpenType font families categorized in alphabetical order. FontZone.net offers thousands of free fonts to enhance your own websites, documents, greeting cards, and more. You can browse popular fonts by themes, name or style. FontZone.net helps millions of designers across the globe expressing their creativity with much more diversity. Download mac fonts for windows. Download 44645 fonts in 22722 font families. Download free fonts for Windows and Macintosh. New fonts are added daily. FontPalace.com offers a huge collection of over 61,000 TrueType and OpenType free fonts. Browse, search and download free fonts for Windows and Mac.
The atoms or groups which shows -R effect are –COOH , -CHO , -CN
METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS :
Sublimation : This method is used to separate the sublimable compounds from non sublimable compounds.
Crystallisation: This method is based on the difference in the solubilities of compound and impurities in a suitable solvent. The impure compound is dissolved in solvent at heated at higher temp .on cooling the hot and conc solution pure compounds crystallizes out.
Distillation: This method is used to separate volatile liquids from non volatile liquids and liquids having sufficient difference in their boiling points.
Fractional distillation: If the boiling points of two liquids is not much , they are separated by this method.
Distillation under reduced pressure : This method is used to purify liquids having high boiling points and decomposes at or below their boiling points.
Steam distillation : This method is used to separate substances which are steam volatile and are immiscible with water.
Differential Extraction: When an organic compound is present in an aqueous medium it is separated by shaking it with organic solvent in which it is more soluble than in water. The aqueous solution is mixed with organic solvent in a separating funnel and shaken for sometimes and then allowed to stand for some time .when organic solvent and water form two separate layers the lower layer is run out by opening the tap of funnel and organic layer is separated. the process is repeated several times and pure organic compound is separated.
Chromatography :This technique is used to separate mixtures in to their components ,purify the compounds and test the purity of compounds.It is classified as
Please send your queries to [email protected] you can aslo visit our facebook page to get quick help. Link of our facebook page is given in sidebar
Class and Subject ListNcert Solution for class 6 to 12 download in pdfCBSE Model test papars Download in pdfNCERT Books Free Pdf Download for Class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , 11, 12 Hindi and English Medium
CBSE Syllabus Class 6 to 9, 10, 11, 12 Maths, Science, Hindi, English ..Organic Chemistry Basic Concepts Pdf FreeLast year CBSE Question paper for Class 6 to 9, 10, 11, 12 Maths, Science, Hindi, English ..Important LinksNCERT CBSE NewsNCERT CBSE NewsPlease Share this webpage on facebook, whatsapp, linkdin and twitter.Organic Chemistry As A Second Language Translating The Basic Concepts PdfCopyright @ ncerthelp.com A free educational website for CBSE, ICSE and UP board. Comments are closed.
|
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |